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主题:【整理】新一战史 -- 普罗丁

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家园 【整理】新一战史(20)

  《资本论》全文搜索 Asiatic 一词,获得约10处发现:

  

  1. In the ancient Asiatic and other ancient modes of production, we find that the conversion of products into commodities, and therefore the conversion of men into producers of commodities, holds a subordinate place, which, however, increases in importance as the primitive communities approach nearer and nearer to their dissolution. (古老生产方式的缓慢转变)

  

  2. A more exhaustive study of Asiatic, and especially of Indian forms of common property, would show how from the different forms of primitive common property, different forms of its dissolution have been developed. (原始财产制度不同,解体方式就不同)

  

  3. The non-agricultural labourers of an Asiatic monarchy have little but their individual bodily exertions to bring to the task, but their number is their strength, and the power of directing these masses gave rise to the palaces and temples, the pyramids, and the armies of gigantic statues of which the remains astonish and perplex us. (亚细亚王权一大特征:非农业劳力多)

  

  4. This power of Asiatic and Egyptian kings, Etruscan theocrats, &c., has in modern society been transferred to the capitalist, whether he been isolated, or as in joint-stock companies, a collective capitalist. (古老神权变成现代资本家)

  

  5. The simplicity of the organisation for production in these self-sufficing communities that constantly reproduce themselves in the same form, and when accidentally destroyed, spring up again on the spot and with the same name. this simplicity supplies the key to the secret of the unchangeableness of Asiatic societies, an unchangeableness in suchstriking contrast with the constant dissolution and refounding of Asiatic States, and the never-ceasing changes of dynasty. (亚细亚式社会并非自给自足社会,它们的特点是永远都在解体和更换王朝)

  

  6. Besides these, there still exist, in India and China, two distinct antique Asiatic forms of the same industry.(中印都存在两种古老的产业,同前)

  

  7. After 1833, the extension of the Asiatic markets is enforced by "destruction of the human race" (the wholesale extinction of Indian hand-loom weavers).(亚细亚式市场的扩张)

  

  8. But consider, for example, an inhabitant of the eastern islands of the Asiatic Archipelago, where sago grows wild in the forests.(亚细亚群岛的居民)

  

  9. The substantial economy and saving in time afforded by the association of agriculture with manufacture put up a stubborn resistance to the products of the big industries, whose prices include the faux frais of the circulation process which pervades them. Unlike the English, Russian commerce, on the other hand, leaves the economic ground work of Asiatic production untouched.(农业联合会对大工业的抵制,导致亚洲生产方式的停滞不前)

  

  10. Since Russia has been making frantic exertions to develop its own capitalist production, which is exclusively dependent upon its domestic and the neighbouring Asiatic market, this is also beginning to change. -- F.E.(俄国疯狂的资本主义发展依赖亚细亚市场----可能是恩格斯说的)

  

  11. However, in the first place, silver exports to Asia have since increased extraordinarily, owing to the Asiatic trade of America and Europe. (亚美、亚欧的贸易发展导致白银的进口)

  

  

  

  这里,有一点显然值得注意,就是马克思的一些句子中的 Asiatic 仅仅是一种地域概念,比如最后两句,它们不太可能包含政治、社会、文化、宗教等方面的内容。要分清哪些包含了而哪些没有,显然是一个巨大的难题,所以我不打算作这样的区分,而是假定上边的所有句子都涉及到马克思(包括英译者)对 Asiatic 一词的理解。通过以上11句话,我能够得出马克思对于 Asiatic 这个词汇的理解方式和使用方式如下:

  

  1)Asiatic 当中包含了一些地域成份,也就是说,只要是亚洲的(尤其是中国的、印度的、俄国的)就都是“亚细亚式”的。

  

  2)同时,它又远不只是一个地域概念,它涉及到经济制度(所有权)、政治制度、宗教制度、社会制度等等。即使到了19世纪,它对于整个世界的影响也是巨大的。

  

  3)在第一句中,它主要是一种生产模式,而该模式的转变带来两大重要影响:人的转变,以及社会的解体!

  

  4)这种模式的特征究竟是什么呢?第二句似乎给出了答案,就是某种“公共财产制度”,尤其在印度最为典型。

  

  5)而从宏观上看,这种模式的最大特征体现在第3、5两句,即一种亚细亚式的“王朝”或“神权”体制。这些王权有至少两个共同特征,其一是人口多(尤其非农业人口多),其二是上层更迭频繁、下层相对安静。

  

  6)出于某种原因,马克思对于在亚洲发展资本主义并不看好(句9),或并不欣赏(句10)。

  

  

  看起来,我不小心打开了一个潘多拉盒子,在这个叫做“亚细亚式”的盒子里,包藏着全人类革命导师马克思对“亚洲”世界的巨大偏见。但是,我的问题仍然没有一个得到根本性的解决,尤其是:马克思一生根本没有到过印度或中国或俄罗斯,他的这种偏见从何而来?另外,假定他的偏见是一直都存在的,他找到过解决所谓“亚细亚问题”的办法吗?

  

  我发现,为了对这个问题进行一些更加深入的,真正有效的观察,我不得不按照马克思的习惯套路进行某种“细分”,即把这个世界的(尤其是他所面对的)全部问题分成政治问题、经济问题、宗教文化问题等等,从而期待取得微观的成果,随后(如果可能)再加以合龙。首先看马克思涉及最多的“经济问题”,当然,这也是人们普遍认为马克思最关注的、最有创造性的一个领域。迄今为止,马克思讨论最多的经济问题是什么问题?

  

  金融问题,尤其是货币问题!

  

  所以我的深层考察,就从这里入手。

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