主题：【原创】翻译讨论 -- 人间树

◇◇新语丝(www.xys.org)(xys4.dxiong.com)(www.xinyusi.info)(xys2.dropin.org)◇◇

Science 7 May 2010:

Vol. 328. no. 5979, pp. 689 - 690

DOI: 10.1126/science.328.5979.689

Prev | Table of Contents | Next

LETTERS

Climate Change and the Integrity of Science

255名美国科学院院士关于气候变化与科学完整性的公开信

载于《科学》2010年5月7日

（方舟子翻译）

We are deeply disturbed by the recent escalation of political assaults

on scientists in general and on climate scientists in particular.

最近一段时间以来对全体科学家、特别是气候科学家的政治攻击愈演愈烈，

这让我们深感不安。

All

citizens should understand some basic scientific facts.

所有的公民都应该了解一些基本的科学事实。

There is always some uncertainty associated with scientific conclusions;

science never absolutely proves anything. When someone says that

society should wait until scientists are absolutely certain before

taking any action, it is the same as saying society should never take

action.

科学结论总会

有某些不确定性；科学永远不绝对地证明任何事情。当有人说社会应该等到科学

家能绝对地肯定时再采取行动，这等于说社会永远不采取行动。

For a problem as potentially catastrophic as climate change,

taking no action poses a dangerous risk for our planet.

对像气候变化这

样的可能造成大灾难的问题来说，不采取行动会让我们的星球冒着危险。

改：让我们的星球蒙受危险。

Scientific conclusions derive from an understanding of basic laws

supported by laboratory experiments, observations of nature, and

mathematical and computer modeling.

科学结论从对基本定律的理解推导而来，受到实验室实验、自然界的观察以及数学和计

算机建模的支持。

改：科学结论来自对基本定律的推演，而基本定律则受到实验室中的实验、对自然界的观察以及数学和计

算机建模的支持。

Like all human beings, scientists

make mistakes, but the scientific process is designed to find and

correct them.

科学家像所有的人一样会犯错误，但是科学过程被设计了寻找并改正错误。

改：但科学过程具有寻找并改正错误的内禀机制。

This process is inherently adversarial—scientists build

reputations and gain recognition not only for supporting conventional

wisdom, but even more so for demonstrating that the scientific

consensus is wrong and that there is a better explanation.

这个过程本质上具有对抗性质——科学家享有声誉和获得认可，不

仅是由于支持传统的学识，更是由于证明科学共识是错误的，存在着更好的解释。

改：科学过程具有内在的对抗性—— 科学家声誉和认可的赢得，不仅通过

对传统学识的支持，甚至更多通过展示既有科学共识的错误，指出更好的解释。

That's what

Galileo, Pasteur, Darwin, and Einstein did.

那正是伽利略、巴斯德、达尔文和爱因斯坦曾经做过的。

But when some conclusions

have been thoroughly and deeply tested, questioned, and examined, they

gain the status of "well-established theories" and are often spoken of

as "facts."

但是当某些结论已经过

全面和深入的检验、质疑和检查，它们就获得了“充分确立的理论”的地位，常

常被称为“事实”。

For instance, there is compelling scientific evidence that our planet

is about 4.5 billion years old (the theory of the origin of Earth),

that our universe was born from a single event about 14 billion years

ago (the Big Bang theory), and that today's organisms evolved from

ones living in the past (the theory of evolution).

例如，有确凿的科学证据表明我们的星球的年龄大约是45亿年（地球起源理

论），我们的宇宙是在大约140亿年前的一次事件中诞生的（大爆炸理论），今

天的生物都是从生活在过去的生物进化来的（进化论）。

Even as these are

overwhelmingly accepted by the scientific community, fame still awaits

anyone who could show these theories to be wrong.

即使是这些被科学界普

遍接受的理论，如果有人能够显示它们是错误的，仍然能够一举成名。

Climate change now

falls into this category: There is compelling, comprehensive, and

consistent objective evidence that humans are changing the climate in

ways that threaten our societies and the ecosystems on which we depend.

气候变化

现在已归到了这个范畴：有确凿、全面、一致的客观证据表明人类正在改变气候，

因此威胁着我们的社会和我们赖以生存的生态系统。

改：如今，气候变化论业已进入此列：有确凿、广泛、一致的客观证据表明人类正在改变气候，

而其改变的方式已威胁到我们的社会和我们赖以生存的生态系统。

Many recent assaults on climate science and, more disturbingly, on

climate scientists by climate change deniers are typically driven by

special interests or dogma, not by an honest effort to provide an

alternative theory that credibly satisfies the evidence.

否定气候变化的人士最近对气候科学，以及更令人不安地，对气候科学家的

许多攻击，一般是由特殊利益或教条驱使的，而不是诚实地努力提供一个能令人

信服地满足证据的另类理论。

改：最近，来自气候变化否定者的，对气候科学，和更令人不安的，对气候科学家的

许多攻击，典型性地出于特殊利益或教条驱使，而不是出于一种诚实的努力，寻求一个能够令人信服地满足证据的替代理论

的努力。

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other scientific

assessments of climate change, which involve thousands of scientists

producing massive and comprehensive reports, have, quite expectedly

and normally, made some mistakes.

合国政府间气候变化委员会（IPCC）和对气候变

化的其他科学评估，有数千名科学家参与，产生了大量和全面的报告，也产生了

一些错误，这是不出意料和很正常的。

改：产生了数量巨大，范围广泛的报告。

When errors are pointed out, they

are corrected. But there is nothing remotely identified in the recent

events that changes the fundamental conclusions about climate change:

在错误被指出之后，就得到了改正。但是

最近的这些事件丝毫没有改变有关气候变化的根本结论：

改：错误被指出了，也被改正了。

但是，最近的这些事件中，并没有出现丝毫足以改变关于气候变化的根本结论的东西。

(i) The planet is warming due to increased concentrations of

heat-trapping gases in our atmosphere. A snowy winter in Washington

does not alter this fact.

(ii) Most of the increase in the concentration of these gases over the

last century is due to human activities, especially the burning of

fossil fuels and deforestation.

(iii) Natural causes always play a role in changing Earth's climate,

but are now being overwhelmed by human-induced changes.

(iv) Warming the planet will cause many other climatic patterns to

change at speeds unprecedented in modern times, including increasing

rates of sea-level rise and alterations in the hydrologic cycle.

Rising concentrations of carbon dioxide are making the oceans more

acidic.

(v) The combination of these complex climate changes threatens coastal

communities and cities, our food and water supplies, marine and

freshwater ecosystems, forests, high mountain environments, and far

more.

1）由于大气层中温室气体浓度的增加，地球正在变暖。华盛顿一个多雪

的冬天并不能改变这个事实。

　　（2）在过去的一个世纪这些气体浓度的增加大多是由于人类活动引起的，

特别是由于燃烧化石燃料和砍伐森林。

改：温室气体在上个世纪以来的浓度增加大多要归咎于人类活动，特别是

化石燃料的燃烧和森林砍伐。

　　（3）自然因素一直对地球气候变化有影响，但是在现在人类导致的变化影

响更大。

改：自然因素一直对地球气候变化有影响，但是现在人类导致的变化已远远超过了

自然因素。

　　（4）地球变暖将会导致许多其他气候模式的变化，其变化速度在现代是前

所未有的，包括海平面上升的速度和水循环的速度都越来越快。二氧化碳浓度的

增加正在让海洋变得更酸性。

改：

地球变暖将会导致许多其他气候模式以现代未曾经历过的

高速发生变化，包括海平面的上升和水循环的变动的加速进行。

二氧化碳浓度的增加正在让海洋变得酸性越来越高。

　　（5）这些复杂的气候变化合在一起威胁着海岸社区和城市、食物和水供应、

海洋和淡水生态系统、森林、高山环境等等。

Much more can be, and has been, said by the world's scientific

societies, national academies, and individuals, but these conclusions

should be enough to indicate why scientists are concerned about what

future generations will face from business-as-usual practices.

世界科学团体、国家科学院和个人能够说的和已经说的要多得多，但是以上

这些结论应该已足以表明为什么科学家担心后代将要面临的状况，如果人类所作

所为一切照常的话。

改： 在上述结论之外，还有更多更多的可以，也已经由世界科学团体、各国科学院和科研者个人

说出。但是，单是上述结论应该已足以表明，为什么如果我们今天继续一切照旧，

科学家就得为子孙后代的明天担忧。

We urge

our policy-makers and the public to move forward immediately to

address the causes of climate change, including the un restrained

burning of fossil fuels.

我们呼吁决策者和公众立即着手解决引起气候变化的问题，

包括不受约束地燃烧化石燃料。

改：我们呼吁决策者和公众立即着手处理气候变化的成因，

包括化石燃料的无限制燃烧。

We also call for an end to McCarthy-like threats of criminal

prosecution against our colleagues based on innuendo and guilt by

association, the harassment of scientists by politicians seeking

distractions to avoid taking action, and the outright lies being

spread about them.

我们也呼吁，停止据于含沙射影和株连对我们的同事提出犯罪指控的麦卡锡

式威胁，政治家为了避免采取行动借助骚扰科学家来分散注意力，以及散播关于

科学家的赤裸裸谎言。

改：我们同时也呼吁，

停止对我们的同事的麦卡锡

式威胁———以含沙射影和牵强比附为据的犯罪指控，

停止政客们对科学家的骚扰--意在逃避采取措施的责任而转移公众视线的搅混水，

停止散布关于科学家的彻头彻尾的谎言。

Society has two choices: We can ignore the science

and hide our heads in the sand and hope we are lucky, or we can act in

the public interest to reduce the threat of global climate change

quickly and substantively. The good news is that smart and effective

actions are possible. But delay must not be an option.

　　社会有两种选择：我们可以无视科学，把头埋在沙中并希

望我们有好运，或者我们可以为了公共利益行动起来，迅速和真正地减少全球气

候变化的威胁。好消息是，聪明和有效的行动是可能的。但是拖延不可以是一种

选择。

改：

社会面临两个选择：一个是无视科学，埋头沙中，祈求好运；另一个是

为公共利益行动起来，迅速，实在地减轻全球气候变化的威胁。

好消息是，聪明和有效的行动是可能的。而拖延不能成为选项。

P. H. Gleick,* R. M. Adams, R. M. Amasino, E. Anders, D. J. Anderson, W.

W. Anderson, L. E. Anselin, M. K. Arroyo, B. Asfaw, F. J. Ayala, A. Bax,

A. J. Bebbington, G. Bell, M. V. L. Bennett, J. L. Bennetzen, M. R.

Berenbaum, O. B. Berlin, P. J. Bjorkman, E. Blackburn, J. E. Blamont, M.

R. Botchan, J. S. Boyer, E. A. Boyle, D. Branton, S. P. Briggs, W. R.

Briggs, W. J. Brill, R. J. Britten, W. S. Broecker, J. H. Brown, P. O.

Brown, A. T. Brunger, J. Cairns, Jr., D. E. Canfield, S. R. Carpenter,

J. C. Carrington, A. R. Cashmore, J. C. Castilla, A. Cazenave, F. S.

Chapin, III, A. J. Ciechanover, D. E. Clapham, W. C. Clark, R. N.

Clayton, M. D. Coe, E. M. Conwell, E. B. Cowling, R. M Cowling, C. S.

Cox, R. B. Croteau, D. M. Crothers, P. J. Crutzen, G. C. Daily, G. B.

Dalrymple, J. L. Dangl, S. A. Darst, D. R. Davies, M. B. Davis, P. V.

de Camilli, C. Dean, R. S. Defries, J. Deisenhofer, D. P. Delmer, E. F.

Delong, D. J. Derosier, T. O. Diener, R. Dirzo, J. E. Dixon, M. J.

Donoghue, R. F. Doolittle, T. Dunne, P. R. Ehrlich, S. N. Eisenstadt, T.

Eisner, K. A. Emanuel, S. W. Englander, W. G. Ernst, P. G. Falkowski, G.

Feher, J. A. Ferejohn, A. Fersht, E. H. Fischer, R. Fischer, K. V.

Flannery, J. Frank, P. A. Frey, I. Fridovich, C. Frieden, D. J. Futuyma,

W. R. Gardner, C. J. R. Garrett, W. Gilbert, R. B. Goldberg, W. H.

Goodenough, C. S. Goodman, M. Goodman, P. Greengard, S. Hake, G. Hammel,

S. Hanson, S. C. Harrison, S. R. Hart, D. L. Hartl, R. Haselkorn, K.

Hawkes, J. M. Hayes, B. Hille, T. H?kfelt, J. S. House, M. Hout, D. M.

Hunten, I. A. Izquierdo, A. T. Jagendorf, D. H. Janzen, R. Jeanloz, C.

S. Jencks, W. A. Jury, H. R. Kaback, T. Kailath, P. Kay, S. A. Kay, D.

Kennedy, A. Kerr, R. C. Kessler, G. S. Khush, S. W. Kieffer, P. V.

Kirch, K. Kirk, M. G. Kivelson, J. P. Klinman, A. Klug, L. Knopoff, H.

Kornberg, J. E. Kutzbach, J. C. Lagarias, K. Lambeck, A. Landy, C. H.

Langmuir, B. A. Larkins, X. T. Le Pichon, R. E. Lenski, E. B. Leopold,

S. A. Levin, M. Levitt, G. E. Likens, J. Lippincott-Schwartz, L. Lorand,

C. O. Lovejoy, M. Lynch, A. L. Mabogunje, T. F. Malone, S. Manabe, J.

Marcus, D. S. Massey, J. C. McWilliams, E. Medina, H. J. Melosh, D. J.

Meltzer, C. D. Michener, E. L. Miles, H. A. Mooney, P. B. Moore, F. M.

M. Morel, E. S. Mosley-Thompson, B. Moss, W. H. Munk, N. Myers, G. B.

Nair, J. Nathans, E. W. Nester, R. A. Nicoll, R. P. Novick, J. F.

O'Connell, P. E. Olsen, N. D. Opdyke, G. F. Oster, E. Ostrom, N. R.

Pace, R. T. Paine, R. D. Palmiter, J. Pedlosky, G. A. Petsko, G. H.

Pettengill, S. G. Philander, D. R. Piperno, T. D. Pollard, P. B. Price,

Jr., P. A. Reichard, B. F. Reskin, R. E. Ricklefs, R. L. Rivest, J. D.

Roberts, A. K. Romney, M. G. Rossmann, D. W. Russell, W. J. Rutter, J.

A. Sabloff, R. Z. Sagdeev, M. D. Sahlins, A. Salmond, J. R. Sanes, R.

Schekman, J. Schellnhuber, D. W. Schindler, J. Schmitt, S. H. Schneider,

V. L. Schramm, R. R. Sederoff, C. J. Shatz, F. Sherman, R. L. Sidman, K.

Sieh, E. L. Simons, B. H. Singer, M. F. Singer, B. Skyrms, N. H. Sleep,

B. D. Smith, S. H. Snyder, R. R. Sokal, C. S. Spencer, T. A. Steitz, K.

B. Strier, T. C. Südhof, S. S. Taylor, J. Terborgh, D. H. Thomas, L. G.

Thompson, R. T. TJian, M. G. Turner, S. Uyeda, J. W. Valentine, J. S.

Valentine, J. L. van Etten, K. E. van Holde, M. Vaughan, S. Verba, P. H.

von Hippel, D. B. Wake, A. Walker, J. E. Walker, E. B. Watson, P. J.

Watson, D. Weigel, S. R. Wessler, M. J. West-Eberhard, T. D. White, W.

J. Wilson, R. V. Wolfenden, J. A. Wood, G. M. Woodwell, H. E. Wright,

Jr., C. Wu, C. Wunsch, M. L. Zoback

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:

[email protected]

Notes

1. The signatories are all members of the U.S. National Academy of

Sciences but are not speaking on its behalf.

2. Signatory affiliations are available as supporting material at

www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/328/5979/689/DC1.

(XYS20100509)

◇◇新语丝(www.xys.org)(xys4.dxiong.com)(www.xinyusi.info)(xys2.dropin.org)◇◇