主题：【翻译】对朝鲜战争步兵战斗与武器使用的评注（1950冬—1951年） -- 徐荣

勃朗宁轻机枪

中流砥柱

在朝鲜一般的步兵战斗中，勃朗宁轻机枪甚至比机枪更多地用来构建火力支撑点，其他步兵武器可在它周围展开行动，部队一致表达了这种看法。对勃朗宁机枪所发挥作用的充分肯定不仅仅来自对连级规模战斗的书面分析报告，将士们同样也有他们自己的评价。他们坦言，勃朗宁机枪是他们行动的主发条，无论是它的移动还是射击，只要有它出现，就会给步兵队伍带来新的活力。

第八集团军上上下下对勃朗宁轻机枪的赞赏重新肯定了二战欧洲、太平洋战场中使用同一种武器的经验。使这种反映更值得注意的是勃朗宁轻机枪在朝鲜的行动中比在二战中故障率明显要高，原因稍后解释。即使这样，普通步兵对这种自动步枪的信任也丝毫未减。它仍被认为是“不可缺少的”，士兵们一听到它最终将被别的某种武器取代就不寒而栗。他们不敢想象：没了它该怎么办。

勃朗宁轻机枪之所以被看作是战斗中的中流砥柱，就是因为朝鲜复杂多变的地形状况极大的妨碍了重机枪发挥作用。中共士兵是出色的机枪手，他们使用这种武器比其它武器都要老练。他们的射击持久稳定；虽然他们的机枪型号五花八门，但他们有保养机枪的诀窍；在进攻时，他们携带机枪到非常靠前的地方；此外，由于他们很善于将自己隐蔽在灌木丛和岩壁后面，因此在他们接近目标时仍难以被发现。报告中有很多中共军队的机枪在30—40码的射程内压制我方阵地时仍保持隐蔽的例子。要用我们自己的机枪反击这种火力，通常就需要带着它们到很靠前的地方，在搬运过程中和放置后不久就会发生机枪组人员的意外死亡。我们的机枪组在移动和放置机枪的过程中太容易暴露了。勃朗宁轻机枪是小得多的目标，而且它的单人操作者兼具勇敢和必要的隐蔽性，因此是我军主要的反击手段。

THE BAR

THE MAINSTAY

Under the conditions of the average infantry fight in Korea, the BAR, even more than the machine gun, provides the fire base around which the action of other infantry weapons builds up and the force expresses itself unitedly.

It is not alone the case that analysis of company operations warrants this appreciation of the weapon; the men also make this estimate of its effectiveness; they state frankly that it is the mainspring of their action, and that wherever the BAR moves and fires, it gives fresh impulse to the rifle line.

Appreciation of the BAR within Eighth Army therefore reaffirms experience with the same weapon in World War II operations both in the Pacific and in Europe.What makes this reaction all the more noteworthy is that there has been a markedly higher incidence of failure by the BAR in Korean operations than in World War II jighting,for reasons which will be explained later. Even so, there is no diminishing of general infantry confidence in the effectiveness of the automatic rifle. It is still considered “indispensable” and troops shudder at any suggestion that it might ultimately be replaced by some other weapon. They cannot imagine having to get along without it.

The reason that the BAR is rated as the mainstay of the fire base is because of the greatly modifying influence of the Korean terrain upon the utility of the machine gun. The CCF are good machine gunners; they are more expert in their employment of this weapon than in all else; they are persistent; their guns are of every type under the sun; even so, they have the knack of keeping them going; in the attack, they bring the gun in very close; but they are good at concealment behind brush, thicket, and rock ledge, and therefore the close-in target remains very elusive. The record contains many examples of CCF machine guns bearing on our positions at 30-40 yards range and continuing unseen. To counter this fire with one of our own machine guns usually necessitates bringing it far forward, with consequent sudden death, either in transit or soon after placement. Our MG crews are far more obvious in moving and in setting up. The BAR, which is a lesser target and usually has as its operator an individual who combines boldness with a requisite stealth, is therefore the main counteragent.

由于迫击炮的射程过远，而手榴弹的投掷距离又很有限，因此勃朗宁轻机枪的火力也就成了对付狙击手冷枪的最有效火力。如果一名勃朗宁轻机枪手表现正常的话，对付在局部出现的某一狙击手，他的射击火力会比五六支步枪所形成的散乱火力有更强的压制效果。

勃朗宁轻机枪手通常是节约弹药的模范。他们不会神经过敏、乱扣扳机，只有局势真正需要的时候他们才打连发。可能你会觉得这事难以琢磨，但勃朗宁轻机枪在朝鲜的表现一向是最为卓越的，这一点也是有案可查的。

在防御时，机枪通常被用来覆盖对面的平缓山地或其他对敌人实现其战术意图有利的通道。因为，当敌人展开进攻时，即使最初他们没有利用那一有利地形，但来自那片区域的威胁（敌军的进攻）差不多是经常性的，所以，对机枪的使用也就基本固定在那里了。

不过，在敌人的进攻面前，我们的防御也不是静止不变的。随着敌军的进攻给我们防线造成的压力的改变，我们会相应的对防线进行收缩和伸展；而为了对付来自一个新的进攻点的威胁，我们也会对人员和装备进行相应的调整和调动。

在这种战斗形势瞬息万变的惊涛骇浪之中，勃朗宁轻机枪是起到定海神针作用的关键武器。一旦步兵防线在一点被压弯，勃朗宁轻机枪就会被派往那里稳固局势。如果负责正面拦阻的机枪受到敌人通过射击盲区对它进行翼侧合围的威胁，勃朗宁轻机枪的火力常常能封闭机枪的火力死角，拯救机枪组于危难之中。在扫荡敌人的时候，勃朗宁轻机枪是压制散兵坑的主要武器。在防御中需要建立坚强的前哨阵地时，勃朗宁轻机枪也当仁不让。

BAR fire is also the chief depressant of sniper fire delivered from ranges which are too close in for the mortars and too far out for the grenade. One man with a BAR, if he is the right man, will have a stronger neutralizing effect upon a local sniper-infested area than the random fire of five or six riflemen. Almost invariably, BAR men are exemplary in their conservation of ammunition. They do not have nervous fingers; they sustain fire only when the situation truly demands it. Why this is so is something of a mystery; it is recorded here as fact because the BAR record in Korea is one of consistently strong performance by the operators.

On defense, the machine gun will usually be sited to cover a draw, the gentlest hill facing, or some other avenue of approach which seems particularly favorable to the enemy purpose. Because, as the attack develops, the threat from that quarter will continue more or less constant, even though the enemy does not initially take advantage of it, the employment of the machine gun is more or less rigid.

But under attack, the defensive dispositions seldom remain static; the lines contract and expand as the pressure changes; men and weapons are shifted as an excess of danger threatens from a new point. The BAR is the pivotal weapon in this eddying of the tactical situation. Should the rifle line begin to bend at one point, the BARS are sent there to stabilize it. If the machine gun, stopping the enemy frontally, is threatened by flankers circling toward it over dead ground, BAR fire is used to cover the corners and save the gun. During the mop-up, it is the main weapon for neutralizing foxholes; when, on defense, strong out-posting is required, the BAR is also given that assignment.

增加数量

在朝鲜的绝大部分步兵和指挥官认为，如果给步兵连配发双倍的勃朗宁轻机枪，同时相应减少M1装备步枪的士兵，那么它的战斗力将大大增强。这么做并不会给该联队的负载增加令人苦恼的负担。做出这种改变的最后一个理由是它会使这个步兵连的攻防力量平衡更加完善。

AUGMENTATION

In the view of the great majority of infantry troops and commanders in Korea, the fighting strength of the infantry company would be greatly increased by doubling the number of BARS, while reducing the number of Ml carriers proportionately.This could be done without adding an upsetting burden to the company load. The final argument for the change is that it would make more perfect the balancing of offensive-defensive strength within the infantry company.