主题：【文摘】圣女贞德另有其人：本人特别感兴趣的话题 -- 查理五世

至于声称自己看见上帝，只能解释为幻想狂。

说贞德出身贵族，甚至出身王室已经不是什么新闻了。几乎从贞德还活着的时候就有这种传闻。这无非是各类脑袋进水的西方历史学家们无法接受农民的女儿也是有可能拯救一个国家的缘故。但是我们中国人就没有这个问题。中国历史上平民出身的巾帼英雄实在太多，所以是否出身贵族根本就不重要。

那个面容修复专家只发现了一具曾经穿过盔甲，骑过马的妇女的尸体就以为发现了贞德完全是胡思乱想。

关键是贞德是烧死的，尸体的残骸又被扔进了塞纳河，今天已经不可能再掘出她的尸体作 DNA 检查。属于死无对证一类。自然不论怎样说都可以，但是却无法证实。

以前写过一篇关于贞德的文章，见下。

http://www.cchere.com/article/105;ID=49401

连路易十一和十四也分不出，唉。果如我猜想，弄错了。

At stake: the reputation of a French heroine, after expert dismisses Joan of Arc's story as a royal fable

By Askold Krushelnycky in Kiev and Ian Burrell

23 December 2003

When the French authorities called upon Serhiy Horbenko to throw fresh light on the country's medieval heritage they never anticipated that the Ukrainian orthopaedic surgeon would attempt to undermine the most potent patriotic story in the nation's history.

But Dr Horbenko, who has established an extraordinary reputation for his expertise in examining skeletons, has risked Gallic ire by casting aspersions on the accepted story of the demise of St Joan of Arc.

The death of the teenage warrior burnt at the stake as a witch after a trial prosecuted by her English enemy and their allies in the Catholic Church, is one of the defining moments in the French national psyche.

But Dr Horbenko's research into the skulls and skeletons of France's long-dead royals has led him to conclude that the woman on the pyre was not Joan at all but another French noblewoman. The woman known as "Joan", he says, lived on for decades after her supposed execution.

The surgeon invited by the French authorities to study the skulls of the French King Louis XI and his wife, has suggested that with the English armies threatening the French throne, the monarchy needed a miracle and their supporters concocted one.

He said: "I believe that a group of nobles thought up the plan, in a time when people were deeply religious and believed in miracles, to influence the French people and armies and to demoralise the English. They wanted a woman sent by God to defend France and to legitimise the Dauphin's claim to the throne."

He said that the person who was chosen to play the role of saviour - always ascribed to Joan - was in fact a noblewoman called Marguerite de Valois, the illegitimate daughter of the previous monarch Charles VI.

The life of Joan of Arc has been the subject of fierce debate for centuries but is also one of the most well-documented in early modern history. According to most historians, she was born on 6 January 1412 in the village of Domremy in what is now Lorraine in eastern France.

Three years later, Henry V invaded France in pursuit of his claim to the French throne and won an emphatic victory at Agincourt. In the ensuing period, as English armies established a stranglehold on northern France, the young Joan is said to have heard voices from God, telling her to go to the aid of her king.

When she took up the call to go to the siege of Orleans she was still only 17 years old. After an audience with the Dauphin, who ultimately became Charles VII, and interrogation from theologians in Poitiers she was placed at the head of the French army as a "Saint Catherine come down to earth". In little more than week, the siege of Orleans had been lifted and, during the summer, the English were driven from the Loire valley and Charles the Dauphin, thanks to the actions of Joan, was crowned King at Reims cathedral.

Dr Horbenko, believes that Marguerite de Valois was in fact the illegitimate daughter of Charles VI and, in possession of fine military skills, performed her role much better than anyone expected. She became such a powerful figure in the eyes of her followers that she was herself perceived as a threat to the French throne.

"I think that if she had revealed her Valois lineage, she could have secured the backing of enough nobles and soldiers to overthrow the Dauphin," he said. Dr Horbenko believes that Marguerite was removed from the scene and another woman was substituted top become the martyr.

According to the standard version of the story, the relationship between Joan and the Dauphin became strained but she continued to lead the army until, in the following May, she was captured at Compiegne by Burgundian forces allied to the English.

Mr Horbenko accepted that his theory of a substitute Joan might seem "incredible to modern day people who have cameras and video recorders and are used to instant news and images of famous people on television and in newspapers and magazines". But, he said: "None of those things existed then and most of those who saw the military leader, Joan, did not see her when she was taken captive by the English."

His controversial thesis emerged after he was invited to France to carry out research into the background of St Bernard. He had built a reputation for his expertise in using the bones of historical figures, such as a medieval Ukrainian monarch and a 5,000 year-old Scythian tribal leader, to reconstruct their appearances.

After the St Bernard project, Dr Horbenko was invited by the French authorities to put faces on the skulls of Louis XI and his wife, work which led him to the Basilica of Notre Dame de Cléry near Orléans.

He asked for permission to open tombs elsewhere in the Basilica, which was the last resting place of members of France's royal Valois lineage. "As I opened up the tombs I started to come across information that led to a conclusion I could hardly believe myself," he said.

One skeleton, in particular, shocked him. "The bones indicate that the woman wore heavy armour and had developed muscles that I have seen in other fighters of the age. For instance to ride a war horse took special kinds of skills and training which you can detect from the remains if you have enough experience," he said.

"Each skeleton is as distinctive as a fingerprint. Each bears signs of wear or disease that allow you to match them up. You can establish family relations using skeletons with a fantastic degree of accuracy."

Dr Horbenko said: "Charles VI ... was worried for [Marguerite's] safety and I believe that from an early age he discreetly trained her in military skills, perhaps so she could better defend herself."

In the history books read by every French school-child, the captured Joan was sold by the Burgundians to the English in 1430. She was held in a secular jail, where she insisted on wearing the trousers and tunic she had worn into battle as of protection against being raped.

The English knew that by having Joan condemned by the church authorities they could discredit the French King. After being put on trial and convicted of being a witch and a heretic she was burned at the stake in Rouen market square on 30 May 1431.

Dr Horbenko believes there may have even been a further switch so that the place of the woman who made such an impression at the trial was taken by one of five women he learned had been condemned to be burned to death for witchcraft.

The surgeon said that Marguerite, meanwhile, was effectively held as a prisoner for the remainder of her life and died in her late fifties. He is convinced it is her remains interred with those of Louis XI, the Dauphin's son, as a sign by those who knew the secret that she had preserved the throne of France.

The theory has not gone down well with the authorities who invited Dr Horbenko in. Denise Reynaud, the deputy mayor at Cléry who commissioned Dr Horbenko described the Ukrainian as a "very difficult man to work with owing to his Slavic temparment".

Olivier Reffier, a senior official within the French Culture Ministry, also takes issue with Horbenko's theory, saying it was nothing more than speculation. He said that the bones now in the Basilica have undergone so many 'peregrinations' that it is possible they do not even belong to the Valois family.

The Ukrainian's claims will not be well-received and Dr Horbenko knows it. "Many people revere Joan of Arc and I do not take lightly the implications of shattering this myth," he said.

"So far there has been little publicity given to the work or theory. I know that it must be thoroughly checked because this is an important part of French history, a myth that has sustained them for centuries."

25 December 2003 00:20

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?2003 Independent Digital (UK) Ltd

以下两条报道中的路易十四显然是错误，应该是路易十一，中国的记者和编辑啊，水平太差。

这个乌克兰外科专家瑟海伊?霍本科大胆假设有余，小心求证不足，不能说路易十一的棺材里躺着一具穿盔甲的女人就是贞德啊。不过他的一点猜测可能是没错的，贞德真的有可能是法国王室塑造出来的英雄模范人物，与咱们雷锋有得一拼。当然也不能排除贞德确实是一位得了臆想症的病人，并和法国王室演了一出双簧。

――――――――――――――――――――――――

圣女贞德原是私生公主？

12月24日08:18 人民网-江南时报

　　据英国《独立报》23日报道，当法国政府邀请乌克兰外科专家瑟海伊?霍本科来研究法国中世纪国王头盖骨的时候，他们决没有想到，这名声名卓著的乌克兰科学家竟会对法国历史上最深入人心的女英雄故事造成“巨大破坏”。众所周知，15世纪的法国女英雄“圣女贞德”在不到20岁的年纪，就被恨她入骨的侵法英军活活烧死，然而霍本科通过研究法国古代王室家族成员的墓穴骨骼，日前得出惊人结论∶被英军烧死的并不是真正的“圣女贞德”，而是一个替身；真正的“圣女贞德”已被当时的法国国王查理七世软禁，并在数十年后才抑郁死去。

　　霍本科教授称，“圣女贞德”根本不是什么法国偏远小村的乡村少女，事实上她是法国已故国王查理六世的私生女、当时的法国王太子、也即查理七世的同父异母妹妹。霍本科对记者说道：“当时在英军大举入侵中处于水深火热的法国需要出现一个奇迹，鼓励人们消沉的士气。我相信是一些法国贵族想出了这个天降圣女、抵抗英军的手段。”霍本科称，这个被选中的女孩，也就是后来人们称做的“圣女贞德”，事实上是一个叫做玛格丽特?德?瓦洛伊斯的贵族少女，她是法国已故国王查理六世的私生女。

　　据霍本科教授称，当她带领法军节节打败英军时，玛格丽特的战功和她法国国王私生女的身份已经严重威胁到了王太子查理的地位。霍本科说道：“研究显示，当时只要玛格丽特透露她自己是王族血统的身份，她将获得足够的贵族和法国士兵的支持，抛弃查理而使自己成为法国女王。”

　　然而这一切之所以没有发生，是因为法国王太子查理显然感到了自己面临的威胁，于是他断然将玛格丽特从战场上移走，用另外一个女人代替了她。后来被英军抓获并烧死的也正是这个“替身”，而非玛格丽特本人。

　　霍本科说道：“当那个替身圣女贞德在1431年5月30日被英军活活烧死时，真正的圣女贞德此刻已作为一个事实上的囚犯被查理七世软禁了起来，骨骸显示，她可能又活了30年，在50岁左右去世。”霍本科称，他是在查理七世的儿子、路易十四的遗体旁边发现这个武装女子的骨骸的，很显然，查理七世和路易十四都知道这个女人的真正秘密，知道她曾经保护过法国，因此在她死后，她才有幸被埋葬在法国王室墓穴中。

　　木子

　　《江南时报》 (2003年12月24日 第十四版)

“圣女贞德”原是私生公主？

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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003年12月24日09:23 华商网-华商报

　　据英国媒体23日报道，当法国政府邀请乌克兰外科专家霍本科来研究法国中世纪国王头盖骨的时候，他们决没有想到，这名乌克兰专家竟会对法国历史上深入人心的女英雄故事造成“巨大破坏”。众所周知，15世纪的法国女英雄“圣女贞德”在不到20岁时，就被侵法英军活活烧死，然而霍本科通过研究法国古代皇室家族成员的骨骼，日前得出惊人结论：被英军烧死的并不是真正的“圣女贞德”，而是一个替身；真正的“圣女贞德”已被当时的法国国王查理七世软禁，并在数十年后抑郁死去。

　　霍本科称，“圣女贞德”根本不是什么偏远小村的少女，事实上她是法国国王查理六世的私生女、查理七世的同父异母妹妹。霍本科说，为了测量路易十四的头盖骨，他曾进入了法王室墓穴，“墓穴中的一具骨骸让我震憾。骨骸显示是一名女人，但她身上却披着厚厚的盔甲。查理六世有个私生女叫做玛格丽特?德?瓦洛伊斯，王室墓穴中的这个女人正是玛格丽特，也就是贞德。”根据他的研究，当玛格丽特带领法军打败英军时，她的战功和身份已经严重威胁到了当时的王太子查理（后来的查理七世）的地位。查理也显然感到了这种威胁，于是他断然将玛格丽特从战场上换走，用另外一个女人代替了她。后来被英军抓获并烧死的也正是这个“替身”。霍本科说：“当那个替身被英军活活烧死时，真正的贞德已被查理七世软禁了起来，骨骸显示，她可能又活了30年，在50岁左右去世。”爱尔