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主题：TED视频：我们为什么感到幸福？ -- letitbe
家园 TED视频：我们为什么感到幸福？ 上link先：http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/dan_gilbert_asks_why_are_we_happy.html
最近在颓废的边缘，决定找点无聊指数相对比较低的活动来消磨时间--ie，码字儿。写一写最近看得一些有趣的书、网文，和视频。可能持续也可能只发一篇就太监--in which case，请大家鼓掌，说明我以最快的速度振作起来鸟～
下面的评析会有原视频的总结概括在先，但没看过原视频对后来的讨论还是可能一头雾水，强烈建议先看视频。
这个视频的大意是：
1. 立论：人们对不同事件带来的幸福感（不幸感）的区别和程度有极度夸大的倾向
2. 任何事件对幸福感的影响随时间流逝而急速消减。原话大致是，任何事件发生6个月后对当前的幸福感几乎没有任何影响，不管是中了彩票，还是做了截肢手术
3. 人们忽悠自己假装幸福（synthesize happiness）的能耐非常之强。视频里举了几个著名loser的例子，他们无一例外的向媒体宣布，失去高官厚禄人身自由的感觉倍儿棒，金山银山都不换
4. 这种synthetic happiness 合成幸福并不只是用来忽悠别人甚至也不限于低智儿童忽悠自己，而是人的本能反应。科学家在一般志愿者身上做过实验：让受试者给6张图片按喜爱程度排序，排完后讲排名中流的一张图片送给受试者，过段时间后再要求其对图片排序--受试者收到的图片的排名会提高。在深度酒精中毒失忆症患者身上重复这个实验，得到的发现是：尽管这些患者无法形成任何新的记忆，记不得做过测试，记不得收到过图片，他们仍然会把自己收到的图片的排名提高！也就是说，忽悠自己是潜意识层次的东西，抵抗不了，还是闭上眼睛享受吧哈哈～
5. 大家都知道自由做出的选择对人们更有说服力（民主的一个主要好处就是这个吧。即使把小布什选上来了，那也是咱们自家的SOB，捏着鼻子也要支持～）。下面的实验是找两拨人出去自由拍照，冲洗出来让受试者挑两张最喜欢的，然后通知他其中一张要没收。。。这两拨人，一拨被告知马上要做出决定两张中放弃哪一张，决定后就不能再反悔；另一拨人给了几天宽限，现在做出来选择，几天之内还能反悔。结果是第一拨被要求马上做出决定的人，对自己选择的照片的喜爱程度比另一拨人高很多。。。
6. 矫正：并非要抹杀事物好和坏的区别，只是想证明人们对好坏程度过高评价，导致对自身驱使过度。
＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋我是自说自话cnb评论的分界线＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋
上学期上marketing课的时候知道的TED这个网站，从前总统到首富们都有关顾（不信看这个：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)），还满火的样子。处于半无聊状态的时候随便点来看，也还有点意思。特别赞的一点是，不仅在线看清晰度不错，还有下载版和MP3版（喜欢听有声书的人有福了呵呵）。这里做下广告。
对这个视频，有道理的地方大家都有感觉，就不重申了。主要说几点疑问。根据基本来自于Robert Cialdini的《influence》一书（大牛经典，强烈推荐）。
关于2：幸福感的变化随时间而消减应该没人反对。至于说不同事物的区别不大，其实可以从另一个角度考虑：幸福感的获得来自参照系。当中乐透成为事实之后，所有的金钱收益也就成了背景，将来的幸福感的获得，似乎应该来自于能否获得更多的金钱。做了截肢手术，很倒霉，但之后的幸福感的获得将以此为背景，比如康复速度快一点，就足以带来幸福。再换个视角，不仅可以跟自己比还能跟别人比。贫和富的心理差距，可以相互的对比来强化。把中彩票的人和截肢的人放一块儿，不信他们还觉得一样幸福呵呵
关于3：这些例子挺无聊的。既然是发表在报纸上的东西，当然不能指望他们捶胸顿足后悔莫及。而且例子本身也不一致。有的是曾经拥有财富地位然后失去，有的是曾经失去人身自由后来重获自由，同样是倒霉，还是有很大区别的
关于4：这个比较有意思呵呵。考虑到很多曾经对人有保护意义现在看很无聊的本能都在被发掘出来（比如人那么贪吃，不过是因为进化过程中大部分时间是吃不饱的），多个自欺的本能也不算很惊世骇俗了
关于5：这个结论确实很有悖常理。其实甚至也有悖其他相关的科学发现。要重点分析一下。Cialdini的书里列举了6个人们用来快速做决定的准则：1. 回报（reciprocity）；2. 承诺和自我一致性（commitment and consistency）；3. 社会证明（social proof）；4. 喜爱（liking）；5. 权威（authority）；6. 稀缺（scarcity）。这里相关的主要是第二条。大意是人们倾向于保持自我一致。一旦对某个事物下了定论或者承诺（commitment），就会倾向于维持这个承诺，对不利于该承诺的证据产生偏见。这种倾向和偏见的程度取决于下承诺这个事实是否自愿，有多么公开--越多人知道自然就越难改正；以及下承诺的经过--伴随很多困苦甚至折磨而做出的定论或承诺，就会格外坚定（跑题一句：这里也就解释了为什么小孩子会逆反，为什么大人们总要叹息小孩子不听话，非要到吃了苦头才能看清对错：）。特别扯的是，当这种伴随承诺的折磨没有任何内在价值（merit）的时候，人们对最后承诺的坚定度反而格外的高（所以才有各种兄弟会、入伍、成人礼的羞辱仪式hazing）。作者给出的解释是，这些折磨，由于本身没有意义（并没有从中学到东西，或者帮到别人，等等），所以它们的价值都要由承诺本身来体现。一旦破坏承诺，那么这些付出都将变得没有价值，所以是很大的损失（让我想到身处不幸的家庭/恋爱关系中作茧自缚的人-_-请注意，这种损失是公开化的，也就是说旁观者至少在潜意识里也会认同这是很大的损失，或者说失败）。好现在可以回到正题了。对自己自由做出的选择事后自然会倾向于同意，如果这个选择是经过几天的深思熟虑的，也就意味着该选择伴随的成本更高，将来推翻这个选择所造成的损失就更大。为什么在上面提到的研究结果中，有充裕时间做出决定的人反而更加不喜欢自己的决定呢？我个人认为，原测试中强调的"喜爱程度"可能是绝对概念而不是相对概念，如果问题问的是两组人中谁会后悔自己的选择，结果很可能会相反（当然纯属猜测。不过我还是有另一个证据的。按照演讲人的说法，既然人们有忽悠自己合成幸福的本能，在这种情况下又为什么会承认自己犯错失败了呢？）。那么即使是绝对的"喜爱程度"，为什么就会有这种有趣的pattern呢？我个人猜测，跟照片选择对受试者的"价值"，以及受试者付出的"代价"有关。在两张照片里选任意一张，对受试者未来生活的影响的区别接近于零。"被迫"当场做出选择的人，选择之后也不会在努力去找手上照片的优缺点，被问问题时只想到好处也是情有可原。另一方面，有充足时间深思熟虑做出决定的，必然要过度思考，对两张照片进行理性分析，在花费很长时间后做出结论，后果是一来他们对手上照片的缺点非常清楚，二来他们自己会意识到自己其实很可能为了无足轻重的选择耗费了不成比例的时间精力，因此反而会非理性的贬低选择的对象（好吧，我坦白，我就是这种衰人的杰出代表）。试想，如果选择的对象不是照片而是牵扯众多影响深远的事物（比如mm？哈哈～），结论是否会不一样呢？
家园 TED: the paradox of choice link先：http://www.ted.com/talks/barry_schwartz_on_the_paradox_of_choice.html
简略介绍一下内容：
1. Excessive choices paralyze people, make ppl worse off.
2. When more choices of retirement funds are offered, the employee enrollment rate actually dropped. Ppl feel inundated by the myriad choices, so they put off the decision time, at the cost of thousands of matching dollars every year from employers.
3. Even after they've made the decision, they still feel bad. The process of making a choice has become so demanding, that ppl feel obsessed, even "addicted", with the decision-making, which inevitably compromises the process of enjoying the fruit of decision. i.e., instead of experiencing and savoring what you have at the moment, you can't stop thinking about other options, about what you "could have" done.
4. Another problem with having too many choices, is that your expectation goes up. You can't feel satisfied with "good enough" any more, not with so many choices available (plus the time you invested in choosing). You don't have pleasant surprises any more (it is expected to be that great), and the anxiety of making bad choice with so many good ones around constantly gnaw at you.
5. Back when you have few choices, if you make a bad choice, it's the society's fault, for you are not given the freedom to make a good choice. Now that you have hundreds of choices even for a bottle of jam, when you indeed make a bad choice, you don't have anyone else to blame but yourself.
6. Suffering from superfluous choices in a world where more than 1 billion ppl barely have enough to eat, is plain ridiculous. Solution? simple. income redistribution. give away the room for extra choices to help ppl w/ too few choices. that's what we call Pareto improvement. you are welcome.
下面开始发散式评论：
1. Can't agree more--true confessions of a control freak
2. As the other side of the coin, this is where the auto-pilot of human mind kicks in. Do yourself a favor, develop a habit for mundane choice-making, be it choosing the first one you ever see, or the one with a brand name rhyming with yours. It matters very little which one you choose and it's almost certainly not worth whatever time you put in the evaluation. You know it.
3. This is the part I want to hug the speaker and weep.
4. It has to be pointed out, that we indeed are better off with the extra choices. It's just our minds don't think so.
5. Again, it's about the state of mind.
6. I don't think this will ever happen...
7. So here are my two cents: It's all about your perspective of life. Does deliberation over the choice of jam sound fun to you? Maybe it does. Then this talk probably doesn't concern you. Choice-making can be fun, some may go further to say it's empowering. For some ppl, choice-making can even be the purpose of life in its own right. However, for most ppl (hopefully), making a choice is just the foreplay to get through in order to enjoy the "stuff" they choose. The "stuff" only gives a finite amount of pleasure, and the time used in choice-making needs to be taken into account when ppl calculate the "opportunity cost" of that pleasure. Now with more and more "stuff" to enjoy, and the choice-making constantly eating away the available time, the pleasure one can extract is declining while the opportunity cost rising. ppl are justified to feel more miserable.
It's not that choices are bad. You just need to choose which choices to dwell on. Or in other words, you need to realize that, some "stuff" is not worth taking time to choose, and some alternatives are not worth considering. There is something you want to have as many choices as possible and take as much time as necessary to make the decision, such as what kind of person you want to be, what do you want to achieve, what friends and life partner do you want to have, etc. Not only do you want to have the right to choose, you also want to have the freedom to choose again after a mistake has been made. Of coz, you can only make mistakes for limited times. That's why you want to cross off some options from your list of choices. It's good to be useful. It's good to be able to enjoy who you are. Regrets won't get you anywhere, but admiting mistakes may be the only way to give up the wrong choice. It's a virtue to do the right thing when you don't have to, and that's why casual encounters can speak volumes of the personality. Don't sabotage yourself, at least not to the extent you can't be rescued. Take care of your friends, so they will rescue you when you are down. Don't hold high expectation against ppl, esp. when you haven't done anything for them. But do know who they are, for you don't want to rely on somebody unreliable. And most of all, know thyself. Know your weakness so you can step away form traps. Know your limits so you know when you deserve a pat on the back. Know what you want, so you can stop looking, and go straight towards the goal.
p.s.: Sorry the last paragraph is totally off the point. probably because I'm obssessed with the decision-making right now:P
家园 有研究表明：1、人总是认为自己是正确的， 2、如果错了，参见第一条。
家园 沙发