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主题:再谈中航油 - 兼答酋长 -- 禅人

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家园 再谈中航油 - 兼答酋长

中航油在这次炒石油期货倒灶之前,曾经受到投资者的热烈追捧。酋长问,几家海外投行在这次事件中扮演了什么角色?要回答这个问题,让我们先来回顾一下近年来该公司的表现状况。

在新加坡所有上市公司中,去年在股东投资回报率上的龙头老大是谁?答案是:中航油。据报道,某国际咨询公司曾做出一份统计,说新加坡的上市企业市值超过10亿新元的公司,其股东年度总回报率(TSR) 高于代表新加坡股市整体表现的海峡时报指数(STI)的平均回报率,前者为45.8%,后者为26.1%。中航油股票的TSR是多少呢?346.3%!直到今年10月传出中航油的母公司中国航油集团释股消息,证券分析人士的建议依然是:

“Maintain ‘buy'. We are not changing our net earnings estimates but are significantly revising up our EPS (earnings per share) estimates due to the anti-dilution effect and revising our target price up $2.11 (from $2.06) based on 20 per cent discount to sum-of-the-parts RNAV (revalued net asset value) valuation. CAO holds attractive investments exposed to the volume growth of China's aviation sector as well as exposure to refining, which for the next few years is expected to be in a bull cycle. Rating: BUY.”

在营运方面,自1997年以来,中航油营业额连续7年平均每年增长222%,贸易量平均每年增长214%,税前利润平均每年增长160%。

在实业投资方面,它拥有西班牙最大的石油设施公司CLH公司5%的股权,上海浦东国际机场航空油料公司33%的股权,英国上市公司富地石油有限公司属下的香港富地航油公司100%的股权,国内中南地区广州等15个机场航油企业24.5%的股权,还拥有中国第二大集成的航油设施经营权和航油供应权。实业投资回报在公司总税前利润中所占的比例,曾高达60%以上。

中航油股自2001年12月6日在新加坡上市以来,三年共进行了三次年度分红和两次年度配送红股。

如此的业绩,独领风骚,难怪它会被新加坡的主要商业报评为去年新加坡股市表现第一,并号召要“把赌注押在巨人身上”。SGX在招徕中国企业去新上市的时候,经常邀请陈久霖现身说法,作为中国公司在新上市并成功国际化的典范。

谨慎的银行家们也忍不住出来轧闹猛。有句话说,银行是一惯“晴天送伞,雨天收伞”。怎么讲?就是您老好好的时候,人家就踏破门槛争着借钱给您,锦上添花,您老不好的时候,人家就挤破头争着要您还钱,落井下石。对中航油这种拥有这么一张漂亮成绩单的优秀生客户,人家银行憋不住要赶紧锦上添花呀,快快送大花伞把钱撒出去呀。于是就有了去年7月那个1亿6000万美元的银团贷款。那个银团由十来家银行组成,名单如下:法国兴业亚洲、中国光大银行、中国工商银行上海分行、中国招商银行、北京商业银行、北德意志州银行新加坡分行、上海浦东发展银行、法国兴业亚洲/法国兴业新加坡分行、法国外贸银行新加坡分行、中国交通银行上海分行和新加坡大华银行上海分行。

一般来说,银行总是最怕输的,要是见过外国的银团贷款合同,就一定知道银行的条件有多么的苛刻,抵押、质押、保证之类的担保一套又一套,叠起来厚厚一沓数十公分,能让您签字签到手发抖。一句话,要借那么多钱,不光您的一家一当几乎全压出去,中间需要掏钱的事全是您的,有任何责任也全是您的,没银行允许还不得乱说乱动。

也是啊,人家银行一家伙把钱全给您了,还能有什么责任?接下来自然就变个乌眼鸡死盯住您的钱包财产,还钱的可以,其他的不要。可是,那回给中航油的银团贷款又是怎么个条件呢?来看一则联合早报去年7月的报道:

“中国航油(China Aviation Oil)昨日与10家银行签署总值1亿6000万美元(约2亿8000万新元)的5年期可转换银团贷款,准备在美国、中国和亚细安国家进行和油品行业有关的实业投资。

这是外资和中资银团联手给予本地挂牌中资企业一笔最大型的无抵押、无担保、无母公司安慰函的巨额贷款,显示财团看好中国经济快速稳定发展和中国航油长期的发展潜力。”

注意啦,这样一大笔贷款,银团没有要求借款人提供任何形式的抵押和担保哦。至于母公司安慰函啥的,卖卖野人头的东东,不提也罢。从这儿就可以知道,银行家们是怎样看好这家公司,把它宠得什么似的。不过要说这贷款直接与炒油有关,恐怕不能这么说。贷款一般有规定用途,有的比较specific, 有的则比较general,但应该不至于约定说用来做期货。从当时披露的资料看,中航油声称是用于实业投资的,而且它也的确在做一些M&A的事情,比如打算收购新加坡石油的股权就是一例,直到期货案爆发前一周,还在召开股东大会对收购一事作表决,结果被大股东母公司否决,令市场目瞪口呆。 现在有事后诸葛说,那是中航油在虚张声势,意图拉抬股价,掩盖负面消息。关于这笔银团贷款,虽说总金额不算小,然而摊到这许多银行头上,每家不过一二千万美元的额度,对银行来说擦破点皮而已,小意思啦,若中航油不破产,还可能捞回一些本钱,看来还是配合配合,乖乖同意债务重组等它起死回生吧。

当其时也,既然中航油那么有油水,投资机构呢,自然也不能闲着,大家一起来捞一把呀。今年10月,当中航油的母公司中国航油集团作为大股东脱售手头拥有的15%股权给机构投资者时,共收到75家大型投资机构的认购,认购率为2.5倍,所有献售股在2小时内全部售完。这次私下配售的1亿4520万股,每股S$1.35,筹集资金近2亿新元。母公司在中航油拥有的股权则从原来的75%减持到60%。 现在公众相信,这笔资金是母公司用来向中航油注资,给期货亏损输血用的,但显然献售文件不是这么披露的。公司大亏情况没有曝光之前,大股东这样脱售股票套现,可就有涉及局内人交易之嫌了,于是商业事务调查局不得不介入。

有报道说,陈久霖本周就要回新加坡协助调查。陈久霖大概是海内外中资企业中年薪最高的“打工皇帝”,根据从2003年1月起生效的《服务协议》,他的年薪由三部分组成:基本工资48万新元,3个月花红12万新元,外加集团利润分成。据悉,陈久霖去年的税后个人薪酬为490万新元,其中包括430万新元的利润分成。目前新元与人民币的汇率大约是1:5。

另外,据中航油文告,母公司已邀请淡马锡控股参与共同注资1亿美元拯救公司的计划。淡马锡控股是新加坡政联公司,掌控许多新加坡的“国有资产”,主席何晶是总理李显龙的太太。有关计划还在探讨中。

这次炒油倒灶事件,自然会影响中航油对某些合约的履约能力,除了中航油内部的调查外,估计接下来还会发生一连串来自外部的动作,可能有面对系列的法律诉讼之虞。

在股东、贷款行、投资行哭丧着脸的时候,偷笑的人恐怕也是有的。

谁啊?律师,嘿嘿。

家园 突发奇想,如果察一下那八家投行,看看

它们有没有同时做空CAO和在石油期货上逼空,不就抓出了罪魁祸首吗?

家园 a few comments (sorry, in English again)

I think it is an isolated case, or some risks investors already factored into. Such weaknesses in internal control and governance exist in most China's enterprises (not only state-owned but also private). It will take years to cultivate the ideas of "responsibility to shareholders" to managers in Chinese enterprises. While the feeble system itself gives opportunities for manager to abuse their authority, they can hardly make such gigantic losses or siphon lots of money if they have no access to external credits that fuel or even encourage the speculations.

If CAO had not had such a big trading or counterparty limits by investment banks, exchanges or other investors, how could it make such a tremendous exposures in derivatives ? All derivative contracts have counterparties who are supposed to assess CAO's risk limits before entering into trading contracts. Given generally mediocre risk management system and internal control, they should be more than prudent in evaluating CAO's trading limit. However, investors tend to have a moral hazard on exposures to Chinese enterprises. They always expect Chinese government to step in to bail out. It happened in the collapse of Guangdong Enterprises but the lesson learnt has not prevailed in the memory of investors. I believe that Chinese government wants to get rid of the moral hazard, and they are more inclined to bail out domestic listed or registered companies, than safeguarding the foreign investors' interests in overseas listed companies. It is proven in their bail out history (they bailed out a number of brokerages in past two years, and everybody knows their support in state banks) and it is politically more correct.

Given that it is an isolated event, and CAO is not effectively an oil & gas company (but an import agent for jet fuel, I don't think it will affect the government policies. CAO is actually related to Bureau of China Aviation, the ultimate owner of airports and airlines. Temasek will likely be a white knight and it will end up opening this sector to foreigner. The interesting point is to see if Temasek can get majority control in the restructuring (if Sigapore banks suffered the most, then the probability is higher).

家园 重组可能会如何进行?淡马锡会是白马王子吗?
家园 【问参将】关于交易地点,我有不同看法:

在伦敦和芝加哥输这么多钱的可能性,我以为要小些,因为监管严,交易更加规范。反而,OTC市场(实际上就是对赌,也无所谓交易地点)输大钱的可能性大。

更有可能,CAO是上了投资银行顾问的当。一般过程是投资银行的销售人员推荐一些所谓的产品,然后也让你开始赚点小钱,等你上了套,后面就该亏大钱了。反正它有更复杂的产品等着你。中国政府的唐僧肉,大家都想吃,不过现在也越来越难了。

历史总是惊人的相似,90年代五矿和雷曼兄弟的恩怨看来又要重演一遍了。

家园 中国政府情愿保国内公司不保海外上市公司

和尚以为理所当然。国内大公司要出事,不光是经济问题,还会带来系列社会问题,职工失业啦,股民闹事啦,三角债拖倒一大批啦,等等,容易造成社会不安,所以能救则救。海外公司就没那么直接的麻烦,再说按当地法律上市,国际接轨了嘛,出了事也按当地法律处理。中国政府又不是担保人,凭什么要做救世祖?其实外国银行也不是不吸取教训,和尚就见过比这金额小得多的贷款,对借款人条件苛刻得吓死人的。主要还是以为大船不易沉吧,再说中航油当时简直是个成功者的神化,都看花眼了。

还有,说半天口干舌燥的,谢谢酋长送的麦乳精啊!

家园 为什么新加坡老出事,他们要不要反省?
家园 关于淡马锡的参与,中航油的公告里有专门说明(见内)

下文是中航油11月30日公告的节选,从中可以了解,淡马锡参与拯救计划只是一个初步的原则性意向,最终能不能、愿不愿参与进来,还得取决于(b)和(c)中的许多先决条件,而这些问题的解决过程涉及太多的他方,存在太多的变数,所以淡马锡是否会成为白马武士,现在还真不好说。

Participation in proposed restructuring efforts of the Company by CAOHC and Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited (“Temasek”)

In addition, the Company has been informed that CAOHC has approached Temasek to seek Temasek’s participation in the proposed restructuring of the Company that would be needed for the Company to remain viable in the future. Temasek currently has a deemed indirect stake of less than 2% in the Company, and is not aware of any other material interests in the Company, nor is it aware of any existing material contracts or business arrangements with the Company or CAOHC. Temasek does not have any stake in CAOHC.

Temasek has expressed an indicative interest in exploring a participation as an investor in the Company’s restructuring efforts, and which participation currently contemplates the following:-

(a) CAOHC and Temasek would, in aggregate, inject funds up to US$100 million (currently expected to be in equal proportions, that is to say, US$50 million each) into the Company as part of its restructuring. It is the intention that CAOHC and Temasek will hold (in the aggregate) a majority stake in the restructured Company; and

(b) The injection of funds would be on the basis of (i) satisfactory resolution of all issues relating to the Company, (ii) the scheme of arrangement (including the settlement of outstanding and/or contingent claims against the Company) being approved, sanctioned and implemented in accordance with section 210 of the Singapore Companies Act, and

(c) The other terms and conditions (including the obtaining of relevant approvals/waivers) in connection with the injunction, all being commercially acceptable to Temasek.

It should be noted that pending the finalisation of discussions between the Company, CAOHC and Temasek, and entry into formal legal documentation relating to the proposed restructuring, CAOHC and Temasek would have no binding obligations to proceed with the restructuring of and the investment in the Company. The Company is continuing to pursue active discussions with CAOHC and Temasek in relating to the terms of the proposed restructuring and investment, and will make the appropriate announcements as developments take place.

家园 我相信淡马锡也会讲政治的,我们谈判有主动权。
家园 陈久霖今日返新即被捕
家园 关键还看中国的态度。
家园 陈久霖复出,在葛洲坝集团任职
家园 也算是一种补偿吧

如果陈久霖出事晚几年,也许就不算太大的事了。

家园 我一直很佩服这个人的国际视野

在体制中能够产生这样的人物不简单。

另外在金融实践中,或者收获利润,或者吸取教训,有时候教训比利润更可贵。期待他经历过这样的风浪还能站起来。不过,按照国内做人做事的逻辑,重新走到前台的机会不太大。

家园 之前看到传闻,说他

可能东山再起去民间搞基金,但最后还是去了官方的葛洲坝,可能为表示间接平反?

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