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主题:【原创】水牛城Colgan3407航班坠机事故 -- Slay0r

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家园 【原创】水牛城Colgan3407航班坠机事故

事故背景

2009年2月12日东部标准时间9:20PM Colgan Air(一家美国国内支线航空公司)的3407航班(CJC 3407)当天根据与Continental Airlines达成的市场协议以Continental Connection(Continental 的支线航空服务)的名义(Co 3407)执行从Newark Liberty 国际机场至Buffalo Niagara国际机场的航班飞行任务。3407航班飞机型号为Dash-8 Q400,机尾编号N200WQ。2008年4月注册并开始执行支线飞行任务。

Bombardier Dash 8是加拿大在1986年由de Havilland Canada推出的一款双涡桨,中型支线客机。目前由Bombardier Aerospace公司生产,其中Q400系列是Dash8最新改型,其中Q代表“安静”,因为Q400系列上装有革命性的“噪音与振动消除系统”ANVS,但其安静性依然比不上以极度安静闻名的Dash7.机上载有自动防失速系统(ASS),自动驾驶仪(AP),CATII 自动降落能力,无自动油门(AT)。

点看全图

外链图片需谨慎,可能会被源头改

留意其展弦比机翼和T型尾部结构。

[IMGA]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dash_8_in_planform_arp_rotated_03.jpg/IMGA]

机组人员4名,包括机长Marvin Renslow,47岁2005年加入Colgan Air两年后提升为机长,3379小时飞行经验,其中Q400上的飞行时数为261小时。转飞Q400前所驾机型据说为Saab 340型双涡桨支线客机。

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外链图片需谨慎,可能会被源头改

副驾驶Rebecca Lynne Shaw,24岁,2008年1月加入Colgan Air,总飞行经验为2200小时,其中Q400经验为772小时。两名乘务员Matilda Quintero and Donna Prisco。在3407总共45名乘客中还有一名无飞行任务的Colgan Air机长Joseph Zuffoletto。

点看全图

外链图片需谨慎,可能会被源头改

当晚10时11分左右,Buffalo进港空管中心(Buffalo Approach ATC)准许3407降落(23号跑道),并按照正常降落程序进行指示3407换频联络机场塔台,随后3407便失去与地面联络。最终被发现坠落于23号跑道outline mark附近一间民宅中,男主人Douglas Wielinski死亡,其妻Karen 和女儿Jill幸免,机组和乘客49人全部遇难。

坠机时机场天气状况为:风向240,风速15节,阵风22节,小雪,薄雾,能见度3英里,1100英尺高度少云,2100英尺碎云,2700英尺覆盖,气温0.6C,露点-0.6C

2月13日NTSB(美国国家运输安全委员会,National Transportation Safety Board,NTSB)开始展开调查,飞行数据记录和座舱录音均已被找到,并被送往华盛顿进行分析。NTSB做了数次调查情况发布,加上媒体爆料,到目前已知的细节如下:

1,在中断通讯前,3407看起来飞行正常,飞行员没有报告过任何异常情况。

2,在向机场下降16000-》11000Ft穿云过程中,报告有结冰现象(Icing)

3,大部分飞行处于AutoPilot状态,除冰开关在起飞后11分钟被开启。

4,在飞行数据记录仪停止记录前不到一分钟,起落架被放下

5,20秒钟后,襟翼被设置在15度

6,数秒钟内,飞机姿态严重变化:30度机首向上,紧接着45度向下,同时向左翻滚46度,并有105度向右的机身摇 摆。

7,飞机防失速设备启动

8,飞行员试图收起起落架和襟翼,飞行记录仪停止记录。

9,从放下襟翼到坠地共26秒。

10 没发现有机械方面的故障。

11 目前为止没有发现有严重结冰的证据。(as what a NTSB personal said)

如果综合以上情况勾勒一下当时的情况就是,飞机在全程正常飞行之后,在接近机场做降落准备(放下起落架+襟翼)时突然失速,因为距离地面太近无法恢复,高度剧降,28秒后坠地。所以为何飞机会突然失速,成为揭示这场空难的关键所在。

Buffalo Niagara 国际机场23号跑道ILS进场导航图,红X为坠机点。Klump为机场ILS Outline Mark,当驾驶员驾机以230度航线越过Mark时,意味着:此处距机场5英里,正对跑道,ILS进场起始点,此时必须已建立Localizer。

点看全图

外链图片需谨慎,可能会被源头改

下面这个录音是当天事故发生时Bufflo Approach(ATC)于空中航班之间的通话录音。这个录音原本为9分钟左右,在aduacity里编辑了一下,去掉了一些无关通话,保留了Colgan 3407, Delta1998, Cactus1452通话录音部分,后两个航班当时尾随Colgan降落。音频来源是LiveATC.net网上收听美国各大机场ATC通话,我刚在那里注册的时候,录音不过十数,现在...(音频已转移到文本那部分,方便对照)

[MP=320,240]/audio/0905/8152_05005133.mp3[/MP]

个人感觉事故原因为:

1 飞行员全程使用AP,对结冰时飞机气动特性变化失去掌握

2 结冰导致AP为了保持飞行姿态,而做了较大幅度的Trim,尤其在俯仰上,飞行员没有留意这个变化量

3 结冰使失速速度加大

4 因为结冰导致水平尾失速(或飞行员以为是水平尾失速),纠正量偏大,导致飞机机翼失速

5 T型尾翼结构更容易使飞机进入到深度失速状态,且难以恢复

6 大展弦比机翼在俯仰上相对更灵敏

下面这个链接里的视频是NASA做的教学片,里面详细解释了水平尾翼时速的特点,非常不错。外链出处]

关键词(Tags): #水牛城(当生)#坠机(当生)#Buffalo(当生)#Niagara(当生)#Colgan#3407#空难
家园 ATC通话文字部分

ATC=Bufflo Approach, 3407=Colgan 3407, DL98=Delta 1998, CT52=Cactus 1452,Tower=机场塔台,3407上负责通话的是副驾驶Shaw

[MP=320,240]/audio/0905/8152_05005133.mp3[/MP]

ATC: Colgan 3407 turn left heading 310

3407(shaw): left heading 310, colgan 3407

ATC: Delta1998, descent and maintain 2300

DL98: Descent and maintain 2300, Delta 1998.

ATC: Cactus 1452, decent and maintain 4000.

1542: Cactus 1452

ATC: Colgan 3407 3 miles from KLUMP, Turn left heading 260, maintain 2300 till established on localizer, cleared ILS runway 23

3407: left 260, 2,300 till established and cleared ILS 23 approach, Colgan 3407(用极快的语速ReadBack,以节省频道占用时间

ATC: Delta 1998 turn left heading 140

DL98: left 140, Delta 1998

ATC: colgan 3407 contact tower on 120.5,have a good night(通知3407转频

3407: __3407 (Colgan 3407 最后的通话,确认转频

ATC: Colgan 3407 approach...(塔台未联络到3407,失去雷达接触,Approach开始呼叫

ATC:Delta 1998, vectors are going to take you through Localizer...for sequencing

DL98:Delta1998 thanks.

ATC: colgan 3407, buffalo

ATC: colgan 3407, approach

ATC: delta 1998, look off your right side about 5 miles for a dash 8, should be 2300 , Do you see anything there?

请求Delta 目视协助搜索3407)

DL98: ah..Negative...Delta 1998, we are just in the bottoms, and nothing on the TCAS (1998因在云层底部,无法目视寻找,但表示机 载防撞系统上无显示)

ATC: colgan 3407, buffalo

??: ---27 approach with radar contact.

ATC: Delta 1998, Turn Left,left heading 360

DCL98:left 360,Delta 1998, you want us climb at all?

ATC: Get right back to you, Sir..

DCL98: you want Delta 1998 to just maintain 2300 then?

ATC: delta 1998, that's affrimitive...Delta 1998 you are in VFR conditions there?

DL98: Negativ, we are IMC

ATC:roger

Tower: Colgan 3407,Bufflo Tower, how do you hear?

??: f10...you are on frequency?

??: __405..contact the channel approch on 13...we'll have you back to approch shortly

ATC:__is ground communication, you need to talk to somebody at least 5 miles north northeast, kay? Possibly clearance, that area right in there, Akron area, either state police or sheriff's department, you need to find if anything's on the ground. this aircraft was 5 miles out and all of a sudden we have no response from that aircraft.(ATC开始试图在地面上寻找3407

ATC:... all we can tell you is that an aircraft over the mark and we are not talking to him now.

???: ..ok

ATC: Delta 1998, you have any icing where you're at?(3407曾经提到过下降时有结冰现象

DL98: uh, we picked up on the way down - I dont think we're building anymore here, but about uh 6500 down to 3500 maybe...

ATC: ok thank you sir

ATC: Delta 1998, there's gonna be a delay,I'm gonna bring you back to around, expect a hold over KLUMP

DL98: Alright, we'll expect a hold over KLUMP,Delta 1998

ATC: Delta 1998, climb and maintain 4000,turn left heading 270.

DL98: Climb and maintain 4000, left turn heading at 270, Delta 1998.

???: I'll have to back right to yu,sir. Apparently we have an emergency and i will back to you as soon as I can

ATC: Delta 1998, turn left heading at 260 and intercept the Localizer,uh and you can maintain you present altitule,sir...just maintain 3000 till you established, right now I'll have your approach clearance once you get it closer,Sir

DL98: Alright, maintain 3000, join the localizer for runway 23.

ATC: Cactus 1452,we'll bring you back around here shortly,for..uh..airport.

CT52: Ok..uh..we are picking up on ice here for...uh...for a while

ATC: Ok for all aircraft on this frequency...uh...we did have a Dash8 over the marker that didn't make to the airport, he appears to be about 5 miles away from airport.For Delt 1998,I'll bring you in sir,on the approach if can just gimme a PIREP when you get to 2300, and if you have any problem with the localizer or anything let me know,however,we are showing it all in the green here.(ATC在经常频率里通知其他飞机一架Dash8不明原因没能降落机场,同时提醒1998降落时注意ILS信号是否正常

DL98: will do

ATC: Catatus 1452 turn right heading 160 ,descent and maintain 2300

CT52: __descent to 2.3 for Cataus 1452

ATC: Delta 1998,6 miles from KLUMP maintain 2300 till establish on the localizer, Cleared ILS approach runway 23

DL98:__ILS 23 and we are still in the IMC here, 2300, Delt 1998

ATC: Thank you sir,are you getting any kind of icing or anything there.

DL98: uhh it doesn't appear to be building, we have a 1/2..1/4 inch from the descent that has remained with us the whole time

ATC: thank you

ATC: Cactus 1452 turn left heading 220, and intercept the localizer.

CT52: Intercept the LOC for..uh..Cataus 1452, and we've been picking up rime ice for the last 010 minutes.

???: as soon as you can, Sir..

???: who was that?

CT52: 52 sir..we've been getting icing for uh since 20 miles south of airport

ATC: Cactus 1452,ok,if you could let me know when you get out of icing...uh..an aircraft coming up from the south was reporting that earlier..

ATC: Delta 1998, If you could,just disregare the autoland sir,contact tower on 120.5,just let him know if you have any variation in the locallizer or anything(ATC建议1998不使用自动降落

DL98:120.5,will do,Delta 1998, thanks

ATC: Cactus 1452, Seven miles form KLUMP, maintain 2300 till established on the localizer, cleared ILS approach runway 23.

CT52: kay..2300 till established, cleared for ILS 23, cactus 1452 and uh...the ice..ice is starting to come off the windscreen now.

ATC:__any knd of information we can get we'd appreciate...

ATC: So right now at 2300, it seems pretty clear for you?

CT52: __but ice is starting to dissipate...

ATC thank you!

ATC: Cactus 1452, Thank you for helping,we'd appreciate. contact tower on 120.5

CT52: Tower for cactus...Did you find Colgan?

ATC: uh...unfortunately they said he went down about...right over the marker KLUMP

CT52: Tower, Cactus 1452's come up on the Klump,e just..uh saw it down..you guys know what's going on?(1452飞过KLUMP时目击到坠机点,询问塔台是否了解情况

Tower: Cactus 1452,buffalo tower 162.14 going right 23, you are clear to land, yes sir, we are aware...

家园 DEl

点看全图

外链图片需谨慎,可能会被源头改

家园 【讨论】西方人比较习惯用自动驾驶降落

西方人比较习惯用自动驾驶降落,中国大陆比较习惯手动落地,不过现在国内出去学的飞行学员也多了,也要被西方习惯影响了...

家园 我觉得倒不是自动驾驶仪的错

上一期国内《航空知识》介绍过这个空难。直接原因的确和自动驾驶有关,当时飞机已经严重结冰,不过自动驾驶仪补偿了这个影响,直到机组人员发现结冰报警杆震动,试图手工操纵时,补偿过量。

但归根结底应看作是机组人员的经验和应变能力的问题,文章中源引最近在河上漂亮迫降的那个飞行员的话“上个世纪的美国民航飞行员有90%是军队退役的飞行员,他们组成了民航飞行员的灵魂,现在这个比例已经30%不到了”。作为部队飞行员,和经航校出来的飞行员重要的区别在于心理素质和应付复杂情况的经验,这些是一般航校无法提供的能力。国内现在估计民航和美国上世纪的情况差不多,所以安全上反而还是有保障的,毕竟国内不像美国,随便哪个人都可以摸到飞机。

家园 今天的华尔街日报有一篇文章

外链出处

The captain of a commuter plane that crashed Feb. 12 near Buffalo, N.Y., had flunked numerous flight tests during his career and was never adequately taught how to respond to the emergency that led to the airplane's fatal descent, according to people close to the investigation.

机长在多次考核中未能过关,公司也从来没有培训他在自动推杆系统启动后应该如何反应。

The crew initially didn't notice the plane's speed had dropped dangerously low, sliding under 115 miles an hour, and risked going into a stall. The slowing speed set off an emergency system called a "stick-pusher," which pushes the control column down in order to send the aircraft into a temporary dive so it can regain speed and recover from a stall.

However, Capt. Renslow tried to force the plane to do the opposite. He yanked back on the controls while adding thrust. His effort was strong enough to manually override the stick-pusher. Within seconds, the plane lost lift, bucked violently and started to roll. It slammed into a house five miles from the runway.

机组未能在第一时间发现飞机速度过低,已经接近失速速度。当自动推杆系统启动,使飞机低头加速时,机长手动拉杆抬机头并增大发动机功率企图爬升,致使飞机失速坠毁。

Investigators surmise the pilots didn't fully understand the operation of one ice-protection system, and therefore incorrectly programmed approach speeds into a flight computer. Startled by an initial stall warning at low altitude, Capt. Renslow reacted with the mistaken assumption that ice accumulation on the tail caused speed to suddenly drop well below normal, investigators believe. The NTSB has said the plane wasn't significantly affected by icing.

机组错误计算了防冰装置开启时的进场速度,导致进场速度过低而自动推杆系统启动。机长错误地认为这是由于尾翼结冰而引起,(从而采取了错误的拉杆措施,)其实飞机结冰情况并不严重。

家园 嗯,就这两天照计划NTSB该出来做一个先期调查报告了

飞行员误把Stick-pusher的低头当作水平尾翼失速来纠正的,所以拉杆纠正使飞机完全失速也是有可能的。

那就必须要知道为什么飞机在正常情况下(结冰不严重)飞机速度会低到如此程度(导致Stick-pusher启动)。Deicing开启绝不会导致这么大差别。文中错误的输入进场速度更是无稽之谈,Q400上有没有自动油门是我最早关心的一个问题,目前可以肯定的说所有DASH8Q400上都没有自动油门,即使AP被开启,飞行员也必须通过观察空速表手动控制油门和桨距来调整速度。

另外飞行员为什么没有注意到速度已经很低了,都是数千小时的飞行员,留意空速应该都已是本能,而放起落架和襟翼都有特定的速度要求,怎么放下起落架的时候不看,放下襟翼之前也不看?

家园 NTSB的听证会是在明天

先期报告应该也快了。

至于为什么不看空速表,土耳其航空前些日子在阿姆斯特丹摔掉的那架737-800也是没有任何原因,空速下降到不能维持飞行的地步。有些时候不可思议的事情还真会发生。

家园 这飞行员素质也是太差

据说是屡考屡败,最后终于考过了,没几天就完了。

家园 还有几个不可思议的地方

一个是女副驾居然家在西雅图,飞这班航班前先搭Fedex货机到孟菲斯,再转机到纽瓦克,花了一个晚上横穿美国大陆,这个大概可以创上班路途最远的吉尼斯纪录了,

二是飞行员的工资很低啊,

In the crash, the first officer, Rebecca L. Shaw, 24, a Colgan employee for about a year, apparently pulled an all-nighter to get a free transcontinental trip to work. She was living near Seattle and commuting to her job at Colgan’s operation in Newark, according to board investigators. She flew from Seattle to Memphis in a spare seat on one FedEx jet, and to Newark on another, planning to sleep in a crew lounge, investigators said. The airline said Wednesday evening that her rate of pay, for a minimum of 75 hours a month, was $23,900 a year.

家园 自动驾驶仪是对的,

自动驾驶仪是让飞机俯冲增速,

飞行员经验不足,慌张之下做了普通人下意识都会做的:拉起机头,结果导致飞机失速。

John Erwin Barrett, the airline’s director of flight standards, said neither pilot in the twin-engine turboprop was paying attention to the flight instruments. A month after the crash, he said, a Colgan crew in the same model plane, a Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 on approach to Burlington, Vt., received the same warning of a stall, and recovered smoothly, landing without incident.

家园 地区性航空的飞行员就是挣这个数

真是很惨,那个机长也就一年五万五千。要是混到某个大航空公司的机长位置工资还差不多。不过前一段时间哈德逊河迫降的英雄苏伦伯格机长一年也就十五六万,他家就他一个人工作,住在加州Danville这种地方这个数也就是刚够养家。

家园 现在讨论重点是出事前飞行员是否处于疲劳状态

有次坐UA晚间航班同空姐聊天,她们连续工作十几天然后休息一周。这个连续工作造成的不良后果很大。

花了一个晚上横穿美国大陆,这个大概可以创上班路途最远的吉尼斯纪录了,

哈德逊河迫降的苏伦伯格机长家住加州在纽约上班,距离也是横跨美国大陆。

家园 直接昏倒:初步调查结果竟然是....

[FLY]点看全图

外链图片需谨慎,可能会被源头改
调查称纽约州客机坠毁原因是正副机长调情分心[/FLY]

Wait, this news came from 163.com, that means this news probably is not so solid.

网易那群标题党

家园 The final report could be

The final report could be interesting:

Senate Committee to Expand Investigation of Airline Safety By Sholnn Freeman

Washington Post Staff Writer

Thursday, May 14, 2009; 1:00 PM

In an interview today, Sen. Byron Dorgan (D-N.D.), chairman of the Senate's aviation subcommittee, said he was "stunned by what I've seen and heard on the evidence" from the safety board hearings.

"There are issues of training, crew rest, exam failures, acquaintance with icing," Dorgan said. "There are so many things that are troublesome. It calls for a real serious investigation."

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